MAGNETO-HEMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY HYBRID AG–AU NANOPARTICLE-MEDIATED BLOOD FLOW THROUGH AN IRREGULAR SYMMETRIC STENOSED ARTERY

Abstract

This paper reflects a unified computational investigation of unsteady hybrid nanoparticle-mediated blood flow in a diseased artery. The analysis incorporates the geometric and mathematical framework of an irregular symmetric stenosis. The model is further strengthened through extended validation using magneto-hemodynamic simulations. The arterial segment is modeled as a two-dimensional, axisymmetric, incompressible and laminar flow domain with mild stenotic approximation. A single-phase nanofluid framework is adopted in this study to describe the transport behavior of silver–gold (Ag–Au) hybrid nanoparticles dispersed in blood. The nanoparticles are assumed to be homogeneously distributed throughout the base fluid. Thermal and hydrodynamic equilibrium between the particles and blood is considered, with negligible slip velocity between the phases. Temperature-dependent viscosity is incorporated via Reynolds’ model, and the governing nonlinear conservation equations for momentum and energy are non-dimensionalized using appropriate transformations. To account for electromagnetic effects, a magneto-hydrodynamic body force term is incorporated into the momentum and energy equations. The resulting coupled system is solved numerically using an explicit finite difference scheme (FTCS), ensuring stability and convergence. The modified formulation shows that increasing the magnetic body force parameter suppresses axial momentum in the stenotic region. It also enhances thermal energy, consistent with the validated unsteady hybrid nano-magneto-hemodynamic model. The observed magnetic flow retardation confirms the model’s robustness and highlights the role of magneto-hydrodynamic forces in regulating nanoparticle drug transport in stenosed arteries.