This study evaluates the groundwater potential for extraction in the piedmont zone of the Periyar River Basin, located in central Kerala, India. Recognised as the longest river in Kerala, the Periyar River is crucial for sustaining the region’s ecosystems and meeting the water demands of its population. The assessment involves a comprehensive examination of geological, hydrogeological and hydrological factors using Geographic Information system (GIS) tools and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) within a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis framework. Groundwater potential zones are identified based on influential parameters such as drainage density, lineament density, rainfall, topography, soil texture, aquifer geology and land cover patterns. Each parameter is meticulously mapped, reclassified and weighted to create a composite groundwater potential map. The study reveals areas with varying groundwater potential, categorized into moderate, high and very high potential zones. Findings indicate that regions with lower drainage density, higher lineament density and favorable soil and geological conditions exhibit greater groundwater potential. The results underscore the importance of sustainable groundwater management practices, especially in light of increasing water demands and environmental challenges. This study provides critical insights for informed decision-making regarding resource allocation and the implementation of preventive measures to mitigate overexploitation and enhance groundwater recharge. Overall, this research contributes to the sustainable management of groundwater resources in the Periyar River basin, offering a valuable tool for policymakers, environmentalists and water resource managers.